Storia della Repubblica Italiana in il Secolo XXI

Por: Marco Roncagliolo

LEpoca di Cambio

“Nel dicembre del 1944 si formo un secondo governo Bonomi, con la partecipazione del Pci ma non dei socialisti e degli azionisti…”

“Nel giugno del 1945 gli succedette il governo Parri, con la partecipazione di tutti i partiti del Cln, dal comunista al liberale. Ferruccio Parri veniva dalla Resistenza, che aveva guidato insieme con il comunista Luigi Longo e con il generale Raffaele Condorna, inviato al Nord dal governo Badoglio.”

(Lepre, A.; y Petraccone, C. (2008). Storia DItalia, DallUnita a Oggi. Il Mulino, pp.383-389.)

“In the 1970s the performance of the Italian economy was subject to much greater variations than in the two previous decades. Inflation and the balance of payments became serious constrains on growth, and the swings in the business cycle… .” (p.339)

“The reality was somewhat different. First, the recovery of 1970-80 proved short-lived. …The recession … left emerged defeated from the government of National Solidarity, … so called Pentapartito- was no more stable. … the Liberal were reincorporated alongside the Socialists. … The Christian Democrats had to pay heavy price for expelling the Communist from government.” (p.342)

“The Socialist Party, … was showing signs of electoral revival rising by 2 percent between the general elections of 1979 and 1983… . In 1983 … Bettino Craxi .. became the first Socialist prime minister in Italian history, and survived office for virtually the whole of the life of the 1983-87 parliament. ”

(Holmes, G. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy. Oxford University Press.)

"Giovanni Spadolini, a Republican, became Prime Minister, the first non-Christian Democrat to hold the office since 1945."

"The long period of Christian Democrat dominance of Italian government seemed to be ending."

"The 'unofficial economy flourished, providing second jobs and prosperity for millions of ordinary Italians."

“By 1979 the sings of political instability were very evident. The historic compromise was over and the Communists were trying to oppose and reassure simultaneously.”

“The general collapse of legitimacy had clearly undermined traditional voting behaviour. Soon there were even more dramatic blows to the Christian Democrat regime… Government efforts at providing relief for earthquake victims in Basilicata and Campania in 1980-81 were generally regarded as derisory.”

“Giovanni Spadolini, a Republican, became Prime Minister, the first non-Christian Democrat to hold office since 1945. The long period of Christian Democrat dominance of Italian government seemed to be ending, and in the 1983 general election the party’s voted dropped… from 38.3 per cent in 1979 to 32.9 per cent.” (p.393)

“In October 1979 Fiat actually fired sixty-one of its most troublesome workers, allegin that they had sabotaged production and threatened other workers with violence. A year later, … it was announced plan to lay off 23,000 workers. … After several weeks the unthinkable happened: 40,000 Fiat workers macherd though Turin, defying their leader, and demanding a return to work. …Industrial tribunals began upholding the dismissals of employees who rarely turned up for work. ” (p.393)

“The Red Brigades had thought to strike at the heart of the State; they discovered there wasn’t one. Many of their sympathizers were shocked by the Moro affair. … Ordinary criminals, too, found the constant police swoop and checkpointbad for trade. … Tough new antiterrorist laws were passed, strengthening police powers; and a new antiterrorist squad was formed, led by General Dalla Chiesa. … In 1979-1980 the police broke up most of the Red Brigade columns and arrested many apologists. Their greatest sucess was in December 1981, when they freed the kidnapped American general Dozier… . ”

“Even family life was not so unstable… Civil marriage, divorce, legal abortion, reliable contraception, equality within marriage: these were all huge social changes.

… Furthermore, the unofficial economy, with its range of part-time jobs done at home, greatly helped domestic stability. 

As the economy unit, the family flourished most in hard times. … Divorce was not … common; abortion, contraception and premarital sex were not invented in the 1970. the new living together was often just the old marriage, through un blessed by Church and State."

“The family remained… transformed yet enduring. … Karol Wojtyla proved an inmensily popular … Pope. … Among the young… Marxism was no longer fashionable, and sex was no longer a novelty.”

“By 1982 the Republic was looking healthier than for some time. It was still respected by few… . It’s citizens lived in a prosperous, diverse and relatively secure society.” (p.395-396)

-Clark, M. (1984). Modern Italy, 1871-1982. Longman, pp.390-396.

The Leagues were able to tap into the frustration of those entrepreneurs who had contributed to massive economic growth in the north and north-east in the 1980s and 1990s

"This new entrepreneurial class was frustrated by continuing high taxation and poor state services, as well as the policies and behaviour of a corrupt and inefficient political class."

"The Lega first stood in elections in 1983 and two local government council- lors were elected in Varese in 1985. In 1987 Lega leader Umberto Bossi was elected to the Senate and in 1990 the movement won 8 per cent of the vote in the European Elections in Lombardy, electing two MEPs."

"In 1992, the Lega won 34 per cent of the vote in local elections in Mantua and a similar result was obtained in Brescia. The movement exploded with the corruption scandals of that year and the Lega was part of the victorious national centre-right political alliance in 1994.""The Lega continued to propose tax cuts, tax federalism and privatization, mixed with euro-scepticism and a call for a block on foreign immigration."

"Euro-scepticism only really began to emerge within political discourse after the centre-right victory in 2001." 

(Foot, J. (2003). Modern Italy. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 48-53, 192-193, 200-205)

“In the late 1980s and early 1990s the world economy went into recession, in the wake of events suchs as the collapse of Communism in East/Central Europe and Russia, the subsequent end of the Cold War, German unification, the US budget, and the collapse of monetarist economics.”

“Italy suffered particularly badly because of the inadequacy and fundamental corruption of its political and bureaucratic system.” (p.220)

“In any event, unemployment increased and living standards fell during this period, and the Lira was forced out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European System … in September 1992.” (p.221)

“Hand in hand … came a political crisis which was to lead to a form of Velvet Revolution Italian style. It was common knowledge for some time that corruption of varios types was endemic… . There’s is of course the mafia … had been used by the political parties, and the particular DC Democrats and the PSI, as a mena of both financing their own activities and ensuring the loyalty of their supporters. … the amusing golden sheets scandal which broke in 1986, and involved inflated contracts placed by the state railway corporation (FS).” (P)

“At the beginning of the 1990s, … something changed to end this resigned acceptance of the status quo. The change … by a determined campaign on the part of the independent judiciary to expose municipal corruption in Milan. This led to large numbers of PSI officials in the city being arrested on corruption charges, and Milan becoming … as tangentopoli… . The ramifications of this reached as far as Bettino Craxi destroying his political career and forcing his resignation in 1993.”

“The general feeling of shock, resentment and loss of confidence in the state was exacerbated…, with …vendetta killings by its various manifestations: the Sicilian Mafia, the Neapolitan Camorra and the Calabrian Ndraghetta. The murder of state officials who dared to challenge organised crime in the South … . General della Chiesa, who was sent to be the Prefect to Palermo… , had been killed in 1983.” (p.222)

“There was now a real attempt by the Amati government to crack down on corruption… . The attack was organised crime in the South”

“On the left of politics the PCI/PDS had faced stiff opposition from the PSI… . the 1992 elections… make significant advances on the 14.3 per cent they polled… . The Green Party which, … had emerged … in the late 1980s, seems to have settled into a role on the fringe of mainstream politics.”

“The fascists of the MSI … changed their name in 1993 to Alleanza Nazionale (AN). … Support for them has been fulled by the fears … over immigration which Italy has experienced over the last few years. … now …an estimated two million, largely illegal, black migrants in the country. … ” (pp.224-225)

“The vacuum created … has been filled by …new forces. The first … the Northern Leagues, notably the Lombard League led by the irascible Umberto Bossi. There are right wing, anti-mafia, anti-Rome, anti-immigrant, anti-tax, separatist parties who gained 20 per cent. … We have also witnessed the creation of the anti-mafia La Rete… . Most significant, … the Forza Italia (Come on, Italy) party led by Silvio Berlusconi. This Italian Rupert Murdoch is media magnate… through his Finnivest holding company, owns three national television channels…, not to mention the all-conquering AC Milan football club.” (p. 225)

“The Prodi government was replaced by a broad and eclectic coalition … the new Prime Minister Massimo DAleman, the leader of the former communists of the PDS. … The DAlema government lasted for … eighteen months before falling after a poor showing by the parties of the left in regional elections in early 2000.”

“Carlos Azeglio Champion, who had been elected as the new President of the Republic… , turned to Giuliano Amato as the new Prime Minister. … Amato is charged with taking Italy to the next national elections, which are due in 2001. … The center-right parties have been performing well in regional and European elections, and Silvio Berlusconi has re-emerged as a significant actor on the right after his problems with corruption judges.” (p. 228)

-Lintner, V. (2001). A travelers history of Italy. Interlink Books, pp.

Il Secolo XXI arriva

“I primi anni del XXI Secolo hanno visto i partiti cercare, in maniera spesso affanossa e confusa, nuove soluzioni AI gravity problemi rimaste sostanzialmente…, la crisi politica aporta da Tangentopoli e quella financiaría, la cui gravita era state ormai revelará a tutti.” 

"Nel 2001 le elezioni furono vinte dalla Casa delle libertà, l'alleanza di centro-destra guidata da Silvio Berlusconi, con una vasta maggioranza: ottenne, infatti, alla Camera il 49,4% dei voti e 368 seggi, mentre all'Ulivo, l'alleanza di centro-sinistra, che non comprendeva Rifondazione comunista, andarono il 35% dei voti e 242 seggi. Al Senato la vittoria fu meno netta, ma sufficiente a governare."

 "Berlusconi aveva promesso una riduzione delle tasse, la diminuzione della disoccupazione e l'avvio di grandi opere.” (p.383)

“Nel 2002 fu compiuto un tentativo di afrontare i problemi che un immigrazione clandestina incontrollata…

La politica di riduzione delle tasse avviata da Berlusconi avrebbe do uno autosostenersi grazie alla apunta che avrebbe impreso allo sviluppo dell economia italiana. … In realta, soltanto un forte taglio delle spese pote a consentire unefficace disminuzione della pressione fiscale. … La conseguenza … fu lavvio di una nuova crescita del debito pubblico, che passo dal 103,9% del Pil al 106.4.” (pp.383-384)

“Alle elezione del 2006, infatti, le elezioni furono vinte dallUnione, che riuniva, oltre ai Democratici di sinistra e alla Margherita. … , anche Rifondazione comunista. Fu una vittoria di strettisima misura.” (pp.384-385)

“Nel dicembre del 2007 la legge Dini sulle pensioni fu modificata per evitare un innalzamento brusco delleta pensionabile e cio comporto una spesa ancora piu elevata. La questione pensionistica rimase irrisolta, rinviata, ai futuri governi.” (p.385)

“Nel gennaio del 2008, dopo meno di due anni di faticosa navigazione, il governo Pródigo naufrago al Senato per una manciata di voti, la stessa che fino ad allora gli aveva consentino di sopravvivere.” (p.386)

“Nel 2008…la riflessione sull intera vicenda della storia unitaria o anche solo sugli anni de la vita repubblicana puo non spingere soltanto al pessimismo. Se si paragona la crisi in atto… . Nonostante lelevatezza del debito pubblico, lItalia e da tempo nel ristretto numero delle maggiori potenze economic he mondiale. Le sacche di miseria… ridotte e anche il volteo del Meridione, dove pure persistono gravissime questioni” (pp.388-389)

“All inizio del XXI secolo i piu vecchi ricordano ancora la miseria e la fame, come un esperienza non individuale ma di intere generazioni. E misurando il cammino percorso sono forse in grado piu dei giovani di guardare con fiducia al presente.” (p.389)

(Lepre, A.; y Petraccone, C. (2008). Storia DItalia, DallUnita a Oggi. Il Mulino, pp.383-389.)

Referencias

-Lepre, A.; y Petraccone, C. (2008). Storia DItalia, DallUnita a Oggi. Il Mulino, pp.383-389.